Indoleacetic Acid (IAA)
- Indoleacetic acid (IAA) is a specific growth factor found in plants
- IAA is synthesised in the growing tips of roots and shoots (ie. in the meristems, where cells are dividing)
- Growth in these meristems occurs in three stages:
- Cell division by mitosis
- Cell elongation by absorption of water
- Cell differentiation
- IAA is involved in controlling growth by elongation
Controlling growth by elongation
- IAA molecules bind to a receptor protein on the cell surface membrane
- IAA stimulates ATPase proton pumps to pump hydrogen ions from the cytoplasm into the cell wall (across the cell surface membrane)
- This acidifies the cell wall (lowers the pH of the cell wall)
- This activates proteins known as expansins, which loosen the bonds between cellulose microfibrils
- At the same time, potassium ion channels are stimulated to open
- This leads to an increase in potassium ion concentration in the cytoplasm, which decreases the water potential of the cytoplasm
- This causes the cell to absorb water by osmosis (water enters the cell through aquaporins) which is then stored in the vacuole
- This increases the internal pressure of the cell, causing the cell wall to stretch (made possible by expansin proteins)
- The cell elongates
The role of IAA in the elongation of cells
Phototropism
- Phototropism affects shoots and the top of a stem
- The concentration of IAA determines the rate of cell elongation within the region of elongation
- If the concentration of IAA is not uniform on either side of a root or shoot then uneven growth can occur
- When the shoots grow towards the light it is known as positive phototropism
- It is described as positive because growth occurs towards the stimulus
- In shoots higher concentrations of IAA results in a greater rate of cell elongation
- Experiments have shown that IAA moves from the illuminated side of a shoot to the shaded side
- The higher concentration of IAA on the shaded side of the shoot causes a faster rate of cell elongation
- This causes the shoot to bend towards the light
Higher concentrations of IAA on the shaded side increases the rate of cell elongation so that the shaded side grows faster than the illuminated side
Gravitropism
- Gravitropism affects roots
- When the roots grow towards gravity it is known as positive gravitropism
- In roots, higher concentrations of IAA results in a lower rate of cell elongation
- Some plants cells are able to detect gravity
- Columellar cells near the root tip possess heavy organelles called amyloplasts
- Amylopasts are densely packed with starch and so they sink to the bottom of the cell
- When a root is moved from the vertical plane to the horizontal plane these organelles fall to where the bottom of the cell is
- IAA is actively transported to the region in the root tip where the amyloplasts have sunk
- The larger concentration of IAA at the lower side of the root inhibits cell elongation
- As a result, the lower side grows at a slower rate than the upper side of the root
- This causes the root to bend downwards
IAA is transported towards the amyloplasts. It inhibits cell elongation in the roots causing the lower side to elongate at a slower rate than the upper side.
Examiner Tip
You may see IAA referred to as auxin by some other exam boards. IAA is a particular type of auxin so be careful as different exam boards will want you to use different terms!